Page 24 - Acoustic Fluid Level Measurements

I-6 ACOUSTIC FLUID LEVEL MEASUREMENTS IN OIL AND GAS WELLS HANDBOOK

Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin
description of acoustic tests for, 9-7 determining acoustic velocity in wells using, 10-6 to 10-
determination of liquid loading in, 9-1 to 9-4 7, 10-7f
determining static bottomhole pressure in, 9-15, 9-18 overview of, 10-5f, 10-21
flowing above critical rate, 9-5, 9-7 packers and, 10-1
flowing below critical rate, 9-9 to 9-11 injection line, background noise and, 10-2
holes in tubing, 9-25 injectivity tests, 1-9
overview of, 9-1 instruments
packer-less, 7-13, 9-26 to 9-28 calibration and maintenance of, 4-18 to 4-19
pressure buildup test and, 7-13 for controlling plunger lift system, 11-2, 11-3, 11-5
principal objective of, 9-1 to detect waves, 3-3
sequence of acoustic records for, 9-13f digital, 1-7
troubleshooting overview, 9-20, 9-22 to 9-25 for a gas lift well, 10-3f, 10-4f
typical acoustic record during shut in, 9-6f hazardous areas and, 4-12 to 4-13
geometric discontinuity, 3-11 to 3-13, 3-11f, 3-13f, 5-15 intrinsically safe, 4-13, 4-13f
Gilbert, W. E., 6-16 maintenance of, 7-26
GOR. See gas/oil ratio (GOR). plunger lift acoustic record, 11-7
gradient correction, 6-16 portable for analysis, 5-12f
gradient inversion portable pressure recording monitor, 10-31f
annular fluid, 8-2, 8-6 to 8-13, 8-7f, 8-8f, 8-9f for pressure transient analysis, 7-2 to 7-3, 7-7f
gravity and, 8-11 proper calibration of, 2-2
protecting, 7-5
hazardous locations classifications, 4-12, 4-13f storing acoustic trace, 5-3
head of the wave, 3-3 strip-chart, 1-7, 4-11, 4-11f
Heriot-Watt University, 3-20 intake valve, pressure at, 6-3
high-frequency waves, 4-1, 4-16, 5-3, 8-21 interference. See gas interference.
high-pass filters, 4-2 internal reflections, 2-24, 9-24, 10-10, 10-11f
horizontal wellbores, 1-21, 2-32f, 2-33, 6-20, 6-22 interval velocity, 10-12
Horner plot, 7-17, 7-17f, 7-19f intrinsically safe certification, 4-13, 4-13f
hot work permit, 4-12, 4-13 intrinsic safety, 4-13
hydrocarbon gases, 3-16, 3-18f, 3-19f IPR. See inflow performance relation (IPR).
isentropic gas law, 3-15
ideal gas, 3-2, 3-15, 3-19 to 3-20 isothermal gradient map, 5-13, 5-13f
ideal gas law, 3-15
implosion pulse Jones equation, 1-19, 1-20f, 1-21
compared to explosion pulse, 4-7 to 4-8, 4-7f
for flowing gas well, 4-9 kelly bushing correction (KB correction), 2-1, 5-9
in a gas lift well, 10-2, 10-5f kick, liquid level, 2-3
in a gas well, 9-3 kicked well, 8-13
history of development of, 4-3, 4-4
overview of, 4-5, 4-5f kick-over tool, 10-23
inclined wellbore, 1-21 kill fluid, 1-9, 10-2, 10-16 to 10-17, 10-26f, 10-34
inflow performance relation (IPR). See also Vogel’s Equation.
to determine producing efficiency, 6-1 landed rod pump, 2-8
determining from multi-rate flow test, 1-17 to 1-18, 1-17f, laptops for data acquisition, 4-10, 4-10f, 4-11, 7-3, 7-7f
1-23f lateral wellbores, 6-20, 6-22
determining from one-rate well test, 1-18 to 1-20 linear motion pumping units, 1-17
free gas production and, 1-16 liquid column gradient, 7-6, 10-14, 10-21
other performance models, 1-20 to 1-21, 1-20f liquid column pressure, 7-5
pressure below bubble point, 1-14 to 1-17 liquid holdup, 6-9, 6-11
productivity and, 1-24 liquid level
programmed fluid level surveys and, 7-2 converting travel time to distance to, 5-1
sample plot, 1-13, 1-13f determination of depth to, 2-35, 9-4
in single and two-phase flow, 1-16f effect of chamber pressure on, 4-16f
well performance and, 1-1, 1-10 to 1-14 gas lift wells, 10-16
inflow water cut, 7-5 kick from, 2-3
injection gas not at tubing intake depth, 9-28
changing requirements for, 10-34 plunger lift wells and, 11-16
depth profile, 10-12, 10-12f recommendations for determining, 8-30
determination of depth for, 10-25f unclear echo and, 2-3

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