Page 21 - Acoustic Fluid Level Measurements

Index I-3

Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin
choked pump, 8-5, 8-6f productivity of, 2-10, 2-11f
chromatographic analysis, 2-18f, 5-10 SBHP and, 9-15
churn type of liquid flow, 8-26 typical acoustic record of, 2-4f
“C” marker, 3-15, 5-2 dew point, 3-16, 3-16f
coal bed methane, 3-17, 5-10, 6-7 differential pressure, 4-6, 4-15 to 4-16, 4-16f, 4-19, 5-15
coiled tubing, 4-4, 5-10 digital filters. See also acoustic record analysis; noise.
collar count method. See also tubing joints. automatic for determining liquid level, 5-6 to 5-7, 5-7f,
for acquisition of fluid level records in tubing, 8-14 5-9t
automatic digital filtering for, 5-3, 5-3f, 5-6 to 5-7, 5-7f, in the collar count method, 5-3, 5-3f, 5-6 to 5-7, 5-7f, 5-9t
5-9t comparison of raw and filtered, 2-9f
compared to downhole marker method, 5-9, 5-9t in a gas lift well, 10-2 to 10-3
example results, 2-33 to 2-34, 2-34f gas noise and, 4-18, 4-18f
gas composition and, 2-34 to 2-35 high-pass, 4-2
history of, 4-2 history of, 4-3
indistinguishable echoes in, 5-10 low-pass, 2-8 to 2-9, 2-9f
overview of, 3-10, 5-2 to 5-4 objective of, 3-15
in plunger lift wells, 11-9, 11-13f, 11-14f, 11-16 to 11-17, overview of, 4-11
11-17f to reduce background noise, 5-15
stepwise collar echo count, 5-4, 5-5f, 5-6f, 5-9t technology and, 5-3
collar echoes, 3-14, 5-10 digital processing of acoustic trace, 5-3, 5-3f
controllers for plunger lift wells, 11-2, 11-3, 11-5 digital spectral analysis, 7-3
correlations. See also Vogel’s Equation. distance scale, 3-15
acoustic velocity and RTTT, 2-35, 2-35f, 10-12, 10-13f, downhole gauges, 9-15
10-14, 10-17 downhole marker analysis
fluid level and dynamometer, 8-31 compared to other methods, 5-9t
for gas properties, 3-19 to 3-20 example of, 2-12f
linear, 6-13 gas lift mandrels, 10-8 to 10-14
percentage of liquid in annular gaseous column, 6-14, history of, 4-2
6-16 to 6-18, 6-22 overview of, 5-8 to 5-9, 5-8f
pressure and temperature, 3-17 plot of, 5-4f, 5-6f
“S” curve, 6-18, 6-19f, 6-20, 9-11, 9-14, 9-14f for shut-in wells, 9-15
well fluid composition and distribution, 7-5 to 7-6 downhole pressure, 1-23, 2-2
corrosion in the tubing, 2-4f, 9-23f, 9-25 downhole pressure sensors, 3-1, 8-23 to 8-26
critical point, 3-16, 3-16f downhole pump submergence, 6-1
critical rate down-kick echo, 2-11 to 2-12, 3-3, 3-12, 3-13, 8-17. See also
fluid levels for gas flow above, 9-5 echoes.
fluid levels for gas flow below, 9-7, 9-9 to 9-11, 9-9f drainage radius, 1-12
overview of, 9-1 to 9-3, 9-2f drawdown, 1-11f, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-23
dry tubing, 11-18, 11-18f
Darcy’s Law, 1-12 dynamometer
database information, 4-3 compared to the PIP value, 8-4
deep wells, 9-15, 10-9, 10-10f, 10-12, 10-35 in conjunction with fluid level survey, 2-15, 2-16f, 8-2 to
delta pressure, 7-16f, 7-19f 8-3, 8-9, 8-10, 8-17, 8-18, 8-30 to 8-31
depleted reservoirs, 2-5, 6-2 example results, 2-32, 2-33f
depth high, choked pump and, 8-5
acoustic record generating profile of, 10-13f, 10-14 readings for a well exhibiting fluid gradient inversion, 8-8
acoustic velocity and, 3-20, 5-1, 10-12f to 8-9, 8-8f, 8-9f
gas composition and, 2-34 to 2-35 showing pump displacement, 7-8, 7-9f
to liquid level, field data and, 7-15f
loss of tubing joint echoes and, 5-2, 5-4, 5-6f echoes. See also down-kick echo; up-kick echo.
plunger lift wells and, 11-8 analysis of multiple, 2-24, 2-24f
pressure-depth traverse, 9-10f from the casing collars, 2-30f
pressure distribution and, 8-25, 8-25f, 9-10 clearly defined, 4-1
detailed pipe tally, 5-7 complex, caused by gas lift mandrels, 10-10 to 10-11,
deviated wellbore. See also wellbore. 10-10f, 10-11f
calculating fluid level depth and, 6-22 foam layer and, 6-7
example results of, 2-4t, 2-8 to 2-10, 2-8f, 2-10f, 2-20, graphical representation of, 3-14, 3-14f
2-22, 2-22f inverted polarity, 10-10
locating valve in a, 10-23 liquid levels and, 2-3, 2-18

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