Page 20 - Acoustic Fluid Level Measurements

I-2 ACOUSTIC FLUID LEVEL MEASUREMENTS IN OIL AND GAS WELLS HANDBOOK

Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin
gas, 1-9 blank cartridge pulse, 4-9 to 4-10
in a plunger lift well, 11-5 to 11-6 blast joints, 2-4f, 2-14, 2-15f
shut in wells and, 1-9, 6-23, 7-5 blowout, 4-10
water/oil ratio (WOR) behavior, 7-6 bottomhole pressure (BHP)
Alberta Canada blowout, 4-10 annular gas production and, 7-6
American Petroleum Institute (API), 4-12 calculating, 7-5, 7-6
amplitude. See also acoustic pulse. estimating, 9-11, 9-14
different pulses and, 2-3 example results, 7-16f
estimating, 3-23 importance of measurement of, 3-1
example of, 3-8 multiple producing zones and, 7-13
history of reading, 4-2 pressure transient analysis for, 7-1
inspection of, 5-15 programmed fluid level surveys and, 7-2 to 7-3
low, 2-2, 2-25, 2-27 when calculating fluid level depth, 6-22
negative, 3-12 bottomhole pressure sensor, 1-8f, 1-9
overview of, 3-23 bubble point, 1-12 to 1-17, 1-14f, 1-24, 6-5, 7-6
peak-to-peak, 3-2, 3-11, 3-22, 4-16, 5-4 bubble point line, 3-16, 3-16f
of pressure pulse, 4-5 bumper spring, 11-3
subsurface safety valves and, 9-15
versus time, 3-3 to 3-5, 3-3f, 3-4f
amplitude attenuation cable banding, causing noise, 8-21, 8-21f
coiled tubing and, 3-22f calibration and maintenance of instrumentation, 4-18 to 4-19
developments in reducing, 4-2 casing
in low pressure wells, 5-2, 5-2f acoustic surveys to troubleshoot, 11-17 to 11-18, 11-18f
mist and, 9-5 change in diameter and echo reflection, 5-8, 5-8f
overview of, 2-10, 3-9 to 3-11, 3-20 to 3-22, 3-21f, 4-1 integrity test, 2-27 to 2-30, 2-28f, 2-29f, 2-31f
stepwise collar echo count, 5-4 small diameter, 8-21
wellhead pressure and, 4-15 changing, 8-2
analyzing well performance 2000, 1-10, 1-11f, 1-23 to determine well classification, 6-5
annular fluid gradient estimating acoustic velocity and, 5-14 to 5-15
example results, 7-15f, 7-16f
discontinuity in, 8-23 to 8-26 fluid levels and, 6-12t, 6-13, 6-13f, 6-22, 8-10
inversion of, 8-2, 8-6 to 8-10, 8-7f, 8-8f, 8-9f gradient inversion and, 8-10, 8-11f
overview of, 8-1 to 8-2 monitoring, 6-3
annular gaseous liquid column, 6-4 to 6-5, 6-7, 6-22 PBHP and, 1-7
annular gas flow rate, 6-10, 6-18 to 6-20, 6-20f shut-in wells and, 6-5
annulus, sound pressure wave propagation in, 3-2, 3-13 to stable, 1-7, 1-8, 6-4
3-15 casing pressure
anomalies automatic recording of, 7-2
downhole, identifying, 2-25, 5-4 buildup of with tapered tubing, 2-11f
paraffin, 8-20 in corrosion survey, 2-27
in plunger lift wells, 11-13, 11-17 example results, 7-15f
API gas light design technique in RP 11V6, 10-24 fluid level depression and, 8-9
API gravity of oil, 6-20, 6-20t fluid levels and, 6-8, 6-11f
arrival sensor, 11-3 in a multi-rate flow test, 1-21f
artificial lift systems in plunger lift wells, 11-13
costs of, 1-2, 1-2f policies in measuring, 1-23
designing for well’s potential, 1-20, 1-24 relation to tubing pressure, 10-10f, 10-16, 10-17, 10-18
production and, 8-1 in a simple wellbore, 2-7f
well efficiency and, 1-2, 1-23 to 1-24 temperature and, 7-4
wireline-conveyed equipment in, 7-1 variations of during pressure transient test, 7-5f
automatic acoustic fluid level survey, 1-9, 7-2 to 7-4, 7-23, casing-pressure-actuated gas lift system
7-26 gas lift valves in, 10-21, 10-22
automatic acoustic pressure buildup test, 6-24 monitoring unloading, 10-31 to 10-34, 10-32f
automatic pulse generation, 4-8 to 4-9 unloading sequence, 10-26 to 10-34, 10-26f, 10-27f
AWP 2000, 1-10, 1-24 unloading valves, 10-28f, 10-29f, 10-30f
casing valve, 1-7, 1-10
background noise, 5-6, 5-15, 8-26, 10-2 to 10-3. See also noise. catcher, plunger lift well, 11-2
back-pressure regulating valve, 1-8, 6-9f, 6-10, 7-6, 8-17 chamber pressure, 4-16f
beam-pumped wells, 7-8 to 7-13, 7-15f to 7-17f, 7-17 check valve, 11-3
Benedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) equation of state, 3-17 chemical pot, 2-3, 8-30

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