Page 22 - Acoustic Fluid Level Measurements

I-4 ACOUSTIC FLUID LEVEL MEASUREMENTS IN OIL AND GAS WELLS HANDBOOK

Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin
mismatch in with gas lift mandrels, 10-8f, 10-9 flow meters, 6-18
multiple, 2-12f, 3-10f flow rate
polarity of, 3-23, 4-8, 8-17, 9-22f drawdown and, 1-14
pressure buildup test and, 7-11f gas lift wells, 10-19
primary requirements for clear, 4-19 overview of, 1-7
rod couplings and, 8-14, 8-14f pattern of, 6-5
tubing collars, 2-5, 2-6f, 2-7f pressure below bubble point and, 1-15, 1-15f
from tubing joints, 5-2 stabilized, 1-12, 1-15, 6-3
unexplainable, 2-2, 2-2f well performance and, 1-1
visualizing features creating, 2-1 flow stabilization, importance to accurate readings, 6-21
wells with blast joints, 2-15 fluid above pump (FAP), 6-1
in a well with blast joints, 2-15 to 2-16, 2-16f fluid column
Echometer, 1-10 calculating PBHP and, 1-7 to 1-8
effective oil fraction, 6-17f, 6-18, 6-19f choked pump and, 8-6f
electrical submersible pump (ESP) normal, 8-6
acoustic fluid level acquisition, 8-21f in a stabilized pumping well, 6-4, 6-4f
calculating producing bottomhole pressure in, 1-7 fluid distribution in a static well, 6-23f
comparing downhole pressure sensor measurement to fluid gradient inversion. See annular fluid gradient;
acoustic fluid level survey, 8-23 to 8-26 gaseous liquid column gradient.
example records from, 2-15 to 2-16 fluid level interface, 8-31
fluid level surveys acquisition, 8-21 to 8-22 fluid levels
gaseous column in, 8-22 annular, importance of periodic monitoring of, 10-14
with hole in tubing, 2-20 to 2-24 casinghead pressure and, 6-12t, 6-13, 6-13f, 6-22, 8-10
multi-rate flow test with, 1-21 to 1-22, 1-21f casing pressure and, 6-8, 6-11f
noise production from, 2-18 comparing to dynamometer surveys, 8-9, 8-10, 8-17,
pressure transient analysis in, 7-13 8-30 to 8-31
productivity analysis for, 8-22f depressing for acoustic pressure buildup test, 1-10
summary of, 2-21f high, 8-5, 8-8, 8-17
typical annular pressure distribution, multiple producing importance of accuracy in, 8-2
zones, 8-24f measuring, 6-4
typical fluid level record, multiple producing zones, 8-23 policies in measuring, 1-23
to 8-26, 8-23f producing, 2-18, 2-19f, 2-21
Walker test and, 1-8f in pumping wells, 6-2 to 6-3
Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB), 6-3 records for gas flow above critical rate, 9-5, 9-7
environmental concerns, 4-4, 4-7 in a shut-in gas well, 9-19f
static, 2-20, 2-20f, 2-21f
equation of state, 3-2, 3-15, 3-17, 3-19, 6-3, 6-7 surveying ESP wells, 8-21 to 8-22
equipment. See instruments. typical, 8-23f
equivalent gas-free liquid height, 6-3 fluid level survey. See acoustic fluid level measurements.
ESP. See electrical submersible pump (ESP). fluids
explosion pulse composition and distribution in wellbore, 7-5 to 7-6
compared to implosion pulse, 4-7 to 4-8, 4-7f documenting movement of, 8-18 to 8-19
in a gas well, 9-3 history of developments in determining properties of,
generation of, 4-8 4-4
history of, 4-2 particle velocity of, 3-2
history of development of, 4-4 produced, to generate an acoustic signal, 4-4
overview of, 4-5, 4-5f, 4-19 properties of and reflection, 3-7 to 3-11, 3-7f
external upset end (EUE) connections, 3-14 reflection at the discontinuity of, 3-7 to 3-11, 3-7f
wellbore pressure distribution and, 6-2
Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FM, FMRC), 4-13 flumping well, 1-7, 8-31
Fetkovich’s approximation, 1-20, 1-20f, 1-21 foam, 3-8, 6-7
first break, 3-3 formation pressure, 1-1, 1-15, 1-15f
flowing gas wells, 2-26f, 4-9 Fourier Analysis (FFT), 4-4
flowing pressure traverse, 9-1, 9-9, 9-9f free gas, 1-23, 6-7, 6-18, 8-10 to 8-11
flowing wells free gas flow, 1-12, 6-23, 7-6, 8-4
categories of, 9-2 free-gas phase, 1-14 to 1-15, 1-16
fluid surveys in, 9-1 free wave, 3-3
performance of, 1-4, 2-25 frequency content of a pulse, 5-3 to 5-4
permanent pressure readout gauges in, 7-1 fuel consumption, 1-4

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