Page 23 - Acoustic Fluid Level Measurements
P. 23
Index I-5
Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin
gas composition gas interference, 8-3, 8-4 to 8-5, 8-4f
depth and, 2-34 to 2-35 gas lift injection manifold, 10-33f
effect on acoustic velocity, 2-34 to 2-35, 3-16 to 3-20 gas lift mandrels
portable instruments for analyzing, 5-12f on the acoustic record, 10-6
gas compression chamber, 4-4 causing complex acoustic record, 10-10f
gas emission port, 4-4 overview of, 10-22 to 10-23, 10-24f
gaseous liquid column using as markers, 10-8 to 10-14, 10-9f
determining fraction of liquid in, 6-7 using for liquid level calculations, 10-8
flow pattern of, 6-5 gas lift wells
fraction of gas in, 6-17f, 6-18 acquiring multiple records, 10-4, 10-6
height of, 6-11f, 6-13, 6-13f, 6-22, 8-2, 9-8f analyzing fluid level records, 10-6 to 10-14
overview of, 1-7 background information about, 10-19 to 10-21
presence of in an ESP well, 8-22 benefits of fluid level measurements for, 10-2
properties of, 6-4 casing pressure operated systems, 10-26 to 10-34
SBHP calculations and, 1-9 to 1-10 design of, 10-24
during shut in, 7-6 equipment installation and data acquisition, 10-2 to 10-6
Walker test and, 6-7 to 6-11 examples of fluid level and pressure surveys, 10-17 to
gaseous liquid column gradient 10-19
acoustic velocity and, 2-34 to 2-35 instrument connection to, 10-3f
calculating, 6-6, 6-8f, 7-5, 9-27 overview of fluid level measurement applications for, 10-1
changes in, 9-10, 9-11f, 9-14 pressure buildup test and, 7-13
correlations for determining, 6-16 to 6-18 troubleshooting, 10-14
increase in for shut in well, 9-10 typical, 10-1f
Walker test and, 6-14f valve operation, 10-22
gases valves and mandrels, 10-22 to 10-23
acoustic velocity in, 3-15 to 3-16, 3-23 well unloading, 10-24, 10-26 to 10-34
after-flow, 1-9 gas/liquid interface
calculating speed of sound in, 3-15 to 3-16 changes in, 9-11, 9-11f, 9-14
composition of and acoustic velocity, 2-34 to 2-35, 3-23 depth and, 9-7, 9-8f
considering phase behavior of, 3-2 example results, 3-8 to 3-9, 3-9f
excessive amounts of in a well, 8-17 finding distance to, 6-22
obtaining sample of, 5-10 flow rate and, 1-7
pressure of and signal quality, 4-1 to 4-2 formation of, 9-3
properties of, 3-2, 11-16 to 11-17 gradients and, 9-1
real behavior of, 3-2, 3-17 liquid level depression test and, 6-12f, 6-15f
solubility of, 5-10 to 5-13, 6-5 for wells flowing below critical rate, 9-9, 9-10
sonic velocity and, 3-1 well types and, 6-5
specific gravity of, 3-17, 3-18f, 3-23, 9-4 gas/liquid phase, 3-16 to 3-20
stratification, 3-20, 5-1, 5-9 gas/liquid ratio, gas lift wells, 10-19
gas flow, 4-18, 4-18f, 6-10 gas/mist interface, 9-3, 9-5
gas flow rate gas/oil ratio (GOR), 1-6, 1-9
acoustic velocity and, 3-20 gas properties, 3-15
calculating, 6-18 to 6-20, 6-20f, 7-5 Gas Research Institute, 3-19 to 3-20
calculating PBHP and, 1-7 to 1-8 gas saturation, 1-14 to 1-15, 1-14f
critical rate and, 9-1 gas separator
estimating, 6-7 centrifugal, 8-22
overview of, 6-3 effectiveness of, 8-13
in situ flow pattern depending on, 6-5 gas interference and, 8-4, 8-5
gas gravity, 5-9, 5-10 to 5-13, 5-12f, 6-7 gassy wells and, 8-18
gas gun tubing anchor installation and, 8-13
for flowing gas well, 9-3, 9-4f gassy wells, 8-17, 8-18
in a gas lift well, 10-4f gas velocity, 8-9, 8-11, 11-5
history of developments of, 4-3 to 4-4 gas wells
manually operated, 4-5, 4-6, 4-6f, 4-9 acoustic fluid level measurement survey overview, 9-1
overview of, 2-3 acoustic measurement test summary table, 9-12t
for plunger lift wells, 11-7, 11-7f acoustic survey to identify downhole features, 9-22f
with pressure sensor attached, 7-11f acoustic tests for, 9-8f
recommendations in pumping wells, 8-29 to 8-30, 8-29f analyzing typical performance, 9-5 to 9-19
wireless remote control, 4-8, 4-8f, 4-9f categories of, 9-2
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