Page 28 - Acoustic Fluid Level Measurements

I-10 ACOUSTIC FLUID LEVEL MEASUREMENTS IN OIL AND GAS WELLS HANDBOOK

Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin
sensors, technology and, 4-10 for reaching well potential, 8-1
sharp pulse, 4-2 recommended practices, 6-25
Shell Oil Company, 6-16 schematic of, 1-11f
shot using to determine well performance, 1-1, 1-4, 1-23
ESP well casing, 2-15 to 2-16 static fluid level, 1-6, 2-20
tubing, 8-14, 8-15, 8-15f static reservoir pressure, 8-1
undetected, 2-3 static wells, 6-22, 6-23f, 6-24
shut-in wells steady state of well performance, 1-6, 1-7
acoustic fluid level record in, 2-20, 2-20f stepwise collar echo count, 5-4, 5-5f, 5-6f, 5-9t
casinghead pressure and, 6-5 stratified annular gas column, 2-4f, 2-37f
foam layer, 6-7 strip-chart instruments, 1-7, 4-11, 4-11f
formation fluids and, 1-9 sucker rod lift, 8-1, 8-13. See also pumping wells.
gaseous liquid column and, 7-6 superficial gas velocity, 6-18
gas lift wells, 10-19f superficial velocity, 6-9
gas wells, 9-3, 9-6f, 9-20f surface casing pressure, 7-6
plunger lift wells during, 11-5 surface controlled subsurface safety valves (SCSSSV), 2-4f,
producing bottomhole pressure (PBHP) and, 1-16 2-25, 9-15, 9-18 to 9-19, 9-20f
SBHP estimation during, 1-9 surface pressure, 2-2, 6-3, 7-4
static fluid level tests during, 7-2
side-pocket mandrel, 10-23, 10-23f “T” (tube) waves, 4-4
signal acquisition. See acoustic signal. tail of the pulse, 3-5
signal-to-noise ratio, 2-3, 5-7, 5-15 TAM. See Total Asset Monitor (TAM) software.
single-phase liquid flow, 1-12, 1-16f, 6-6 tapered tubing, 2-4f, 2-10
single-rate well test. See one-rate well test. technology
software acoustic fluid level measurements and, 4-10, 8-1
for acoustic fluid level measurements, 1-10, 1-11f, 4-10 in automatic fluid level surveys, 7-2 to 7-3
mismatch in RTTT and distance, 10-7 to 10-8, 10-8f BHP calculations and, 7-1
for plunger lift wells, 11-11 digital filters, 5-3
sound speed and PVT properties, 3-20 for oilfield applications, developments in, 4-2 to 4-4
solid obstructions, echoes generated by, 3-8 pressure distribution and, 6-1
sonic echoes, 4-3 temperature
sonic velocity acoustic velocity and, 2-34 to 2-35
computation of, 5-10, 5-12 bottomhole, 5-13
defined, 3-1 calculating acoustic velocity and, 5-10, 5-11f, 5-12, 5-12f
in a hydrocarbon gas, 3-19f casing pressure and, 7-4
propagation of, 3-2 causing variations in acoustic velocity, 5-1, 10-12, 10-12f
sound pressure wave propagation, 3-13 to 3-15 effect on acoustic velocity, 3-16 to 3-20
sound pulse, generation of, 3-1 to 3-2. See also acoustic pulse. output signal of pressure transducers and, 7-4
sound source, installation of, 4-14, 4-14f. See also gas gun. PC pumps and, 8-26
Southwest Petroleum Short Course (SWPSC), 6-16 sonic velocity and, 3-2
specific acoustic impedance, 3-8 using regional temperature gradients, 5-13f
specific gravity of gas, 3-17, 3-18f, 3-23, 9-4 variations of during pressure transient test, 7-5f
spectrum analysis, 5-3 test point, 1-21
speed drives, variable, 1-13, 1-17 thermal insulator, 7-11f
speed of sound, 3-4, 3-15 to 3-16, 3-20, 5-4 thermistor, 7-4
stabilized pumping operation, 6-4 thermodynamic properties of variables, 3-2, 3-8, 3-15, 5-10
stabilized reservoir pressure, 6-22, 7-2 three-phase flow. See multi-rate flow test.
standing valve, 6-3, 10-1 timers, for plunger lift wells, 11-3, 11-5
static bottomhole pressure (SBHP) Total Asset Monitor (TAM) software, 1-10
acoustic fluid level measurements and, 6-23 transmission at a geometric discontinuity, 3-11 to 3-13, 3-11f,
calculating, 1-9 to 1-10, 6-22 to 6-24, 6-23f 3-13f
comparing to PBHP, 8-22 transmission coefficients, 3-8, 3-11, 3-23
determining for gas wells, 9-15, 9-19f true vertical depth (TVD), 2-20, 6-6, 6-22
example on obtaining, 2-20 tubing. See also tubing holes.
gas lift wells configurations and, 10-14 to 10-16, 10-16f acoustic surveys to troubleshoot, 11-17 to 11-18, 11-18f
importance of obtaining, 8-3 acquisition of fluid records in, 8-14
operators hesitation in surveying, 8-3 changes in diameter of, 3-10
overview of, 1-6, 6-3 diagnostic acoustic surveys overview, 8-13 to 8-18

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