Page 29 - Acoustic Fluid Level Measurements

Index I-11

Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin
different diameters and pressures, 6-6 damaged, 7-10f
gas flow and wells that kick, 8-17 to 8-18 exposed, 10-22
gassy wells and, 8-18 gas lift wells and, 10-14, 10-21f, 10-22, 10-24, 11-2
internal reflections down, 10-10 to 10-11, 10-10f, 10-11f history of developments of, 4-4
pressure, relation to casing pressure, 10-10f, 10-16, 10-.17 needle-type, 2-3, 8-30, 9-4, 10-2, 10-4f
to 10-18 pressure discharge, 4-8
sound pressure wave propagation in, 3-2, 3-13 to 3-15 quick-opening, 4-5, 4-5f
tally of, 6-3 spacing of, 10-9
unloading, 8-17 to 8-18 valve spread, 10-22
tubing anchor, as downhole marker, 5-8 vapor phase, 3-20
tubing anchor-catcher (TAC), 8-7, 8-9, 8-11, 8-12f, 8-13 variable speed pumps, 1-22
tubing collars, 2-5, 2-6f, 2-7f, 2-19f venting gas, 7-6
tubing-fluid-pressure-operated, 10-21 Vogel’s Equation. See also correlations; inflow performance
tubing holes relation (IPR).
acoustic records to detect, 8-13, 10-15f compared to multi-rate test, 1-19f
corrosion, 9-23f ERCB standards and, 6-3
detecting, 9-25, 9-28 overview of, 1-18 to 1-21, 1-18f, 1-24
determining depth to the hole, 8-15 to 8-17, 8-15f, 8-16f wellbore pressure distribution and, 6-2
determining in ESP well, 2-20 to 2-24 well performance and, 1-1
gas lift wells, 10-2, 10-14
masked by liquids, 8-14 Walker test. See also liquid level depression test.
misdiagnosed as liquid loading, 9-25 acoustic data sample from, 6-15f
plunger lift wells, 11-19, 11-19f, 11-20, 11-20f analysis of, 6-16f
pressure integrity test to verify, 9-23 calculating amount of liquid in the annular gaseous
typical acoustic record of, 2-4f, 9-29f column, 6-22
wave path diagram, 9-24f calculating gaseous column gradient with, 6-8f
tubing intake, liquid level not at depth of, 9-28 casing pressure and, 6-12t
tubing joints. See also collar count method. difficulties in performing, 6-14
average joint length, 5-2, 5-7 height of gaseous column and, 6-13
calculating distance from surface to liquid level with, 5-2, overview of, 1-8 to 1-9, 1-8f, 6-7 to 6-9
5-6 to 5-7 during pressure distribution calculations, 7-6
example of, 2-14, 2-34, 2-34f procedure for, 6-10 to 6-16
signals from, 3-10 wellhead arrangement for, 6-9f, 6-10
tubing pressure, 11-13 water cut, 1-2, 1-2f, 6-23 to 6-24
tubing-pressure-actuated system, 10-22 water holdup, 1-7
tubing shot, 8-14, 8-15 water/oil interface, 6-20, 6-21, 7-14
tubing stop, 11-3 water/oil ratio (WOR)
tubing taper, 2-12f, 2-23f behavior of during after-flow, 1-9, 7-6
TVD. See true vertical depth (TVD). gas lift wells, 10-14, 10-19
two-pen pressure-recorder, 10-31, 10-32f in a stabilized pumping well, 1-6, 6-4
two-phase liquid flow, 1-12, 1-16f, 1-18, 2-33, 8-26 in a static well, 6-24
wave, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3
Underwriters Laboratory (UL), 4-13 wave equation, 3-1, 3-2 to 3-6, 3-3f, 3-15
United States Geological Survey, 5-13 waveform, 3-1, 3-3, 3-5 to 3-6, 3-5f
United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), 4-2 wave propagation, 3-1 to 3-2, 3-5 to 3-6, 3-5f, 3-10 to 3-11,
University of Oklahoma, 3-19 to 3-20 3-23
unloading, tubing, 8-17 to 8-18. See also well unloading. wellbore. See also deviated wellbore; wellbore geometry.
unloading valves, 10-1 calculating pressure of, 4-3
up-kick echo, 2-11, 3-3, 3-12, 3-13, 8-15, 8-17. See also distance to known anomaly, 5-8 to 5-9
echoes. flow into, 1-15f
fluid composition and distribution in, 7-5 to 7-6
U-tubing, 10-8, 10-34 general configuration of, 6-5 to 6-6, 6-6f
horizontal, 1-21, 2-32f, 6-20, 6-22
vacuum, annulus at, 2-27 inclination of, 6-22
vacuum, sonic waves and, 3-1 integrity problems in, 10-2
valley of the wave, 3-3 mechanism of flow into, 1-11f, 1-12
valves pressure calculation of, 6-6 to 6-7
background noise and, 5-15 typical pressure and flow distribution, 8-26, 8-27f
configurations of, for gas lift, 10-16 to 10-17, 10-16f wellbore completion data

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